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There are many Certification Authorities (CAs) currently
offering digital certificates, each with various certificate
products. For the first time user of digital certificates it is
often difficult to make an informed purchase decision. Equally,
experienced users may not have a full understanding of certain
finer points relating to the products that are available on the
market.
We aim to provide impartial advice on how to approach the
purchase of SSL certificates while at the same time clarifying
certain issues relating to the product and industry which are
often misunderstood. Our hope is that you find the information
provided of assistance in making the right purchase for your
business and security needs.
1. When do you need to use a digital certificate?
Securing transmission of financial information in ecommerce
is currently the major application of SSL certificates. However,
with incidence of identity theft on the rise, protection of
personally identifiable information is becoming ever more
important. This category of data would include identity and
social security numbers, as well as e-mail addresses.
So, if you are handling financial transactions on your web
site, there is no question that SSL certificates are required.
If you are managing sensitive customer data, the use of SSL
certificates is worth serious consideration – especially if
customer/member security and privacy is high on your list of
priorities.
2. Why use a digital certificate?
There are two main reasons why you should make use of a
digital certificate:
All CAs performs one or more of these authentication checks.
The result is a range of products of greatly differing levels of
quality. It is important to note that the more authentication
checks performed the better the quality of the certificate. So
make sure you determine exactly what authentication checks are
performed before purchasing.
4. What does it mean to be WebTrust compliant?
A number of CAs have achieved WebTrust compliance mainly as
it is now a Microsoft requirement that a CA complete a WebTrust
for Certification Authorities audit, in order to have their root
certificates included in Windows XP / Internet Explorer. But it
is important to understand exactly what this certification
implies. WebTrust does not set standards for CAs, nor does it
monitor or regulate any existing standards.
WebTrust compliance tells you nothing about the quality of
the authentication on offer – it merely confirms that the CA in
question adheres to their own stated policies and procedures for
authentication. What this means is that WebTrust compliance
unfortunately does not provide a useful basis for comparison
between CAs.
5. What is the strength of a certificate? (what is SGC
technology)
The encryption strength of a digital certificate is
determined by the level of encryption supported by the browser
used to connect to a web site and the server where the web site
resides. This means that users may connect at 40-bit, 56-bit or
128-bit depending on the browser version they are using.
Most digital certificates function in this way – providing
encryption at a strength supported by the browser and server. It
is important to understand this distinction as many CAs promote
their certificates as 128-bit when in fact they will support
sessions of varying encryption strength (128-bit being the
strongest possible level of encryption).
In the past, legislation of the United States government
prevented the export of 128-bit encryption technology. The
result of this was the creation of the so called “export”
browser versions which were restricted to 40-bit and 56-bit
encryption capabilities. These browsers were distributed outside
of the United States for many years and were even downloaded by
US based users. In 1997, the US government repealed its ban on
128-bit encryption. Today however, there are still significant
numbers of export version browsers in use, mainly
internationally but also in the United States.
Digital certificates have been developed that provide 128-bit
encryption for browsers which are defaulted to 40-bit or 56-bit
encryption – the so called “export” browser versions which
include IE 5.01 and Netscape 4.7x and later . These certificates
include technology known as Server Gated Cryptography (SGC)
which automatically steps-up these browsers to the 128-bit
encryption level. Only a handful of CAs supply these
certificates, so if you require the 128-bit encryption step-up
capability, make sure you ask for SGC technology.
6. What is the product for you?
There are various factors which will influence your choice of
digital certificate.
Firstly, you need to consider the sensitivity of data that is
to be secured. It makes sense that highly confidential personal
and financial as well as critical business information demand
the highest levels of authentication and encryption.
Alternatively, some may argue that there are other applications
that do not require these stringent security measures. The
bottom line is that you need to categorize the various types of
data you manage according to their importance to your business
and select a digital certificate for the task at hand.
In certain countries there is now legislation which governs
the level of encryption required for data protection. This type
of legislation is normally developed for data intensive
industries where security and privacy is a major concern such as
financial services or health care. Typically, companies are
required to guarantee that they protect data with 128-bit
encryption – a requirement which determines the use of a
specific type of digital certificate. In this case digital
certificates which are able to step-up to 128-bit encryption are
the product of choice.
Geographic location of your customer/user base is also an
important consideration. The reason for this is that certain
older browser versions which still exist in significant numbers
internationally do not automatically support 128-bit encryption,
only 40-bit and 56-bit. Typically, these are the so-called
“export” browsers which where made available outside of the
United States for many years. It is also worth noting that users
in the United States have also downloaded these export browsers
from non-US websites. So, if you are conducting business online
outside of the US and 128-bit encryption is important to you,
step-up SGC technology is essential.
Lastly, it is worthwhile considering the duration of the
project in question. Most certificates are available in one or
two-year versions (or longer). If your project is planned for a
longer duration, it makes sense to consider the two-year
certificate option as this not only allows you to benefit from
the cost savings frequently offered on these products, but also
provides the added benefit of increasing convenience by reducing
the frequency of engineering and admin work associated with
installation during certificate renewal.
7. Can you get the after sales technical support you need?
Depending on your level of experience in working with digital
certificates, you may require assistance at various stages
throughout the life cycle of the product, from the initial
request for a certificate to installation, renewal and possible
re-issuance of a certificate if required. Lineson will
help you with all these issues.
Be sure to assess the support capabilities of the CAs you
consider. Try to look beyond the initial sales process as it is
the more unforeseen circumstances such as server migration where
competent support is always the most valuable.
8. What is the track-record of the CA?
In business it is always sensible to purchase from proven,
established vendors – even more so in today's high tech
industry. This is especially important when purchasing security
products such as digital certificates where using a trusted CA
is essential for doing effective business online. This is
where Lineson comes in, with over 20 years experience in the
industrial and contractor supply marketplace Lineson knows both
the technology and the market.
The CAs track record may provide you with some answers to
other questions discussed here. For instance, the longer a CA
has been in business, the more experienced and better developed
their support infrastructure is likely to be.
9. Are you dealing with a root CA?
There are two types of CAs – Root CAs and Chained CAs. Root
CAs have the roots for their certificates installed in the major
browsers, while Chained CAs issue their certificates off a Root
CAs root.
The reason for the existence of Chained CAs relates to the
issue of certificate compatibility with the various browser
types and versions currently used. CAs which have been in
existence for longer period of time have been able to include
their roots in each browser type and version that has been
released over the years. Subsequently, their certificate-browser
compatibility is extremely high. Newer CAs are not able to
achieve this level of compatibility as they are only able to
include their roots in recent browser releases and the only way
for them to obtain the desired level of compatibility is to
issue certificates signed with the root of a CA which already
has the desired level of compatibility (this is known as
“Chaining”).
The main drawback of using a Chained CAs is that they do not
own, and therefore, do not control the root used to issue their
certificates. From a certificate customers' perspective this may
lead to potential problems as their certificates are vulnerable
and may be rendered invalid should the terms of the chaining
agreement break down or be affected by a change in ownership of
the root.
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